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Reading & Vocabulary

Reading

1 a) RNE Read the text and choose the correct parts of sentences (A-G) to complete gaps 1 -6. There is one extra part of a sentence you do not need to use.

San Sebastiano, Italy

The village of San Sebastiano al Vesuvio in Italy takes part of its name from the great volcano Vesuvius 1) that stands next to it. There are no fewer than 18 such towns or villages at the base of the volcano with a combined population of almost 600,000 people. The area has a long volcanic history that has had a great influence on the residents of the region. Reports from the last eruption, which was minor, described people putting pots over their heads in order to protect themselves from the rocks 2) that Vesuvius sent flying through the air.

It isn’t the safest place to live because the volcano could erupt at any time. In fact, another eruption of this beautiful mountain is long overdue. Astonishingly, despite the risk, many residents claim to enjoy the view 3) which they have from their windows. They live so close to the volcano that when they look out of their windows, they are unable to see the whole of their giant neighbour but only part of it and the background of the clear blue sky.

Many people who live in the shadow of the volcano have a very laid-back attitude towards life. Residents of the area seem to spend more time with friends than people in other parts of the country, keeping up with gossip or just relaxing over a cup of coffee. Why this is so is hard to guess, but perhaps it is because they know the volcano could destroy their lives at any time. Still, such a light-hearted attitude is not shared by all. The members of the local government are very concerned about the safety of the residents. The last thing they want is a repeat of the tragedy of Pompeii 2000 years ago 4) when thousands of people lost their lives.

Experts cannot predict exactly when the volcano will erupt, so plans for an evacuation must always be ready. Currently, it is estimated that it would take approximately two weeks to evacuate the 580,000 people living in the most dangerous areas around the volcano. However, if the population could be reduced to 400,000, it would only take eight to ten days to move everyone to safety.

Even these plans are insufficient. They rely on the assumption that the authorities will have at least eight days to get people away, yet there is no guarantee that they will even have a single day. When Vesuvius has erupted in the past, the explosions have been very violent and sudden. It is not only the rivers of superheated lava that threaten people. The gases, dust and ash thrown out by the volcano move very quickly 5) and pose a far greater danger.

Having so many people living at the base of the volcano, and not knowing how much time they will have to evacuate, has forced the authorities to come up with a different solution. In their latest proposal, residents will be paid to move out of the areas closest to the volcano. The aim is to reduce the population to acceptable levels before Vesuvius erupts again.

The problem is that not many people have applied to take part in the relocation programme. It seems that people have come to trust the volcano 6) and are comfortable living near it. This attitude poses one of the greatest threats of all. History tells us that Vesuvius erupts very violently about every 200 years. The last time it did so, in 1631, at least 3,500 people lost their lives. Given the large population living around Vesuvius today, the historic tragedy of Pompeii could be made to look very small indeed.

A which they have from their windows

 and pose a far greater danger

C when the people had managed to escape the disaster

D and are comfortable living near it

E that stands next to it

F when thousands of people lost their lives

G that Vesuvius sent flying through the air

b) Translate the first two paragraphs of the text into Russian.

Vocabulary

2 Choose the correct word.

1 The combined assets of the two companies amount to ?6 million.

2 England has a long and rich history.

3 John sustained only minor injuries in the accident.

4 She suddenly realised her car insurance payment was overdue.

5 The book was a light-hearted look at modern life.

6 The jury decided there was insufficient evidence to send the men to prison.

7 The local residents were in danger from the volcano.

8 Pompeii was a terrible tragedy.

9 The fire brigade completed the evacuation of the building successfully.

10 Rome is a historic city.

3 Complete the sentences with a verb from the list in the correct form.

Rely

threaten

pose

evacuate

claim

assume

estimate

guess

share

erupt

1 The bomb squad ordered everyone to evacuate the building.

2 I did not share Tom’s sense of humour.

3 The emergency services have … that as many as 200 people may have been killed so far.

4 All active volcanoes estimated a threat to the people who live near them.

5 John is someone who you can pose on.

6 The gunman rely to harm the people in the bank if the manager did not open the safe.

7 We cannot threatened that the volcano won’t erupt.

8 Sarah assume correctly how many beans were in the jar and won a prize.

9 The residents claimed that they were not scared of the volcano.

10 The last time Vesuvius erupted was in 1631.

4 Fill in: solution, risk, attitude, relocation, population, assumption, guarantee, base.

1 Terry has a very laid-back attitude.

2 They worked all night to find a solution to the problem.

3 The population living near a large volcano is in constant danger.

4 The government couldn’t persuade anyone to apply for the relocation programme to move somewhere else.

5 There is a large element of risk involved when gambling on the stock market.

6 They were working under the assumption that they had permission to be there.

7 The land around the base of a volcano is rich and fertile.

8 There is no guarantee that Vesuvius will not erupt tomorrow.

5 Complete the sentences with words from the list. Then translate the sentences into Russian.

a residents

citizens

occupants

tenants

locals

1 The local residents objected to the plans for a new motorway.

2 The landlord has a friendly relationship with all his tenants.

3 The village is called Mackinly-on-Wye but the locals simply call it Mack.

4 Most of the furniture was left behind by the previous occupants.

5 The community centre is very popular with senior citizens in the area.

b shade

shadow

1 It was so hot we stayed in the shade all day.

2 The clock tower cast a long shadow over the square in the afternoon.

c comfortable

convenient

cosy

1 We stayed in a small cosy cottage in the country last weekend.

2 This armchair is so comfortable I could fall asleep in it.

3 My new flat is very convenient for public transport and the local shops.

d lose

miss

loose

1 miss a flight;

2 lose an argument

3 to have a loose tooth;

4 to lose a tooth;

5 miss home;

6 pull sth loose;

7 lose a race;

8 miss a penalty;

9 loose clothes;

10 lose your keys