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43. Study the topical vocabulary to speak about religions and beliefs in English.

Topycal vocabulary

All religions can be divided into

� primal religions (pre-Christian religions of Europe and some other parts of the world and modern tribal religions);

� universal religions (Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, etc.).

Religions always include

� beliefs;

� religious practice.

People who share the same beliefs are members of

� religious communities.

When they come together to worship they are called

� congregations.

Religious communities observe their

� customs;

� rituals;

� rites.

They

� practise/attend worship;

� make/offer prayers or pray;

� listen to sermons read by preachers;

� sing hymns (psalms);

� seek blessing, healing, salvation, etc.;

� make confessions;

� offer sacrifice to God or a god.

Church services are led by

� priests/ministers, the clergy/clergymen (Christianity);

� imams (Islam);

� rabbis (Judaism).

Among other people who devote themselves to God are

� nuns (they live in convents);

� monks (they live in monasteries).

Some religions exist in diverse forms, for example, Christianity splits into

� Roman Catholic Church (headed by the Pope);

� Orthodox Church (headed by the patriarch of Constantinople as the first among equals � other patriarchs);

� the Protestant movement made up of

� the Lutherans;

� the Methodists;

� the Anglicans;

� the Baptists, etc

Traditional places of worship are

� churches, cathedrals, chapels (Christianity);

� mosques (Islam);

� synagogues (Judaism);

� pagodas or temples (Buddhism).

Places of worship may be decorated with

� frescoes;

� mosaics;

� icons/ikons;

� stained glass windows;

� candles and chandeliers [Jsenda'liaz];

� statues.

In Christian places of worship the following elements are essential:

� an altar,

� choir stalls,

� a pulpit,

� an iconostasis (pi. iconostases),

� a crucifixion,

� tombs.

In Christianity and Islam the major festivals are:

� Christianity: Advent and Christmas

� Christianity: Lent and Easter

� Islam: Ramadan

Most religions have a tradition of pilgrimage � journeying to some holy place as a religious duty:

� to Bethlehem;

� to Jerusalem;

� to Mecca;

� to Mount Senai.

Some people

� practise secularism (a system of social organization which keeps out all forms of religion);

� consider themselves to be atheists or non-believers;

� think that the physical world is self-contained and can be perfectly well understood with the help of sciences.

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