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Ïðèâåäåì âûäåðæêó èç çàäàíèÿ èç ó÷åáíèêà Áàðàíîâà, Äóëè, Êîïûëîâà 7 êëàññ, Ïðîñâåùåíèå:

4f Feeling afraid

Phobias

1 As the doors of the lift dose, your hands start to sweat It's only a ten-second trip to the sixth floor, but your heart is beating fast, you're shaking like a leaf and you can’t catch your breath. Everyone else in the lift seems calm, so what are you afraid of? Well, it sounds Ike you have claustrophobia, which is a fear of enclosed spaces. If you have a phobia like this, you’re not alone.

2 People can have either common phobias, like a fear of insects, needes and the dark, or some very strange ones indeed! Vicki Lanieux's fear of vegetables, for example - lachanophobia - makes a trip to the supermarket a nightmare. There are many other cases of odd phobias such as ablutophobia (fear of washing), anthophobia (fear of flowers), catoptrophobia (fear of mirrors) and even phobophobia (the fear of phobias themselves)! Some of these fears might sound ridiculous to you, but to a person who suffers from them, they are very real Sufferers may miss out on opportunities, such as going on holiday because they are afraid of flying, feel embarrassed about their phobia and even get teased by their friends.

3 To understand the reason why some people have phobias, first we need to understand fear itself. When we sense danger, our brain sends signals to pump adrenalin around our body. Our heart beats faster, our skin sweats to keep us cool and our muscles tense so that we are ready to escape the danger. This response is called Tight or flight", which is necessary for our survival. If we met a bear while hiking, for instance, we would need to be ready to escape... fast!

4 When someone suffers from a phobia, however, the danger is mostly in their minds... it's neither real nor rational. Maybe someone who is afraid of bees, for instance, once got badly stung by a bee. Their brain now remembers the experience and triggers a fear reaction every time they see a bee, or sometimes even just a photo of a bee. The fear signal is very strong, so the person believes the situation that they are in is more dangerous than it really is.

5 So what's the solution for someone who has a phobia? Well, many try to avoid the places and situations which make them afraid, but this only keeps the fear strong. If s much better for the person to try to face their fear... little by little. A person who is afraid of dogs, for example, could start by looking at a photo of a dog. Then they could stand near someone with a dog on a lead and slowly work up to the most difficult thing for them - maybe petting a dog. As they get used to the thing that they are afraid of, they will realise that their worst fear doesn't come true. In time, the brain will change how it reacts and their phobia will disappear for good!

Vocabulary Fears & phobias

1 Listen and say. Which of these can you see in the images?

thunderstorms

spiders

the dark

lifts

injections

flying

snakes

heights

crowds

going to the dentist

Are you afraid of any of these things? How do they make you feel: heart beat fast, shake like a leaf, palms sweat, feel dizzy, feel sick, feel embarrassed, can’t breathe? Tell your partner.

I’m afraid of injections. When I have one, my heart beats fast and I feel dizzy.

Check these words

sweat, beat, shake, catch your breath, fear, enclosed, nightmare, odd, ridiculous, suffer from, miss out, sense, signal, pump, adrenalin, muscle, tense, rational, get stung, trigger, little by little, work up to

Reading

2 a) Think of three questions about phobias. Read the text. Does it answer your questions?

b) Read the text again and match the headings (A-F) to the paragraphs (1-5). There is one extra heading.

A Alone with your fear

 Getting to know fear

C Not so rare

D How to fix it

E Affecting lives

F Imaginary fears

3 Complete with: beating, nightmare, sensed, trigger, sweating, shaking, teased, rational.

1 He was so scared he started sweating.

2 His heart was beating fast.

3 She was terrified, she was shaking like a leaf and crying.

4 The whole experience was a nightmare; we'll never do it again.

5 She didn't want to wear a dress in case her friends teased her.

6 The dog sensed danger and started barking.

7 It's a rational fear to be afraid of snakes, as some of them are poisonous.

8 Bacteria on your mobile phone can trigger an allergic reaction and cause a rash.

4 Complete with: miss out on, escape, pet, enclosed, tense, worst, embarrassed.

1 enclosed spaces;

2 miss out on opportunities;

3 feel embarrassed;

4 muscles tense;

5 escape from danger;

6 to pet a dog;

7 worst fear come true

Grammar

Relative clauses

5 Read the examples. When do we use defining, non-defining clauses? Which are put between commas? Find examples in the text in Ex. 2.

The man has just bought a dog. He lives next door.

The man who lives next door has just bought a dog. (defining relative clause)

This phobia makes my life very difficult I've had it since childhood.

This phobia, which I’ve had since childhood, makes my life very difficult, (non-defining relative clause) (NOT: that I’ve had…)

6 Complete the relative clauses with the correct relative pronoun/adverb. Which are defining (0) and which are non-defining (N)? Add commas where necessary.

1 Ben who lives next door is going to study Medicine.

2 Is it your brother who is afraid of spiders?

3 This is the university where I studied for four years.

4 My sister who is ten years old got stung by a bee yesterday.

5 2006 was the year when I moved abroad.

6 The reason why I walk to work is to get some exercise.

7 Dan’s house which is in a good area is up for sale.

8 Mary is the girl whose mother is a doctor.

7 Join the sentences using who, which, where, when or whose, as in the example.

1 My aunt works at Byron Hospital. She is a nurse.

My aunt, who is a nurse, works at Byron Hospital.

2 The spider was very big. I saw it in the bathroom.

3 Ann is coming to the party. Her birthday’s on the same day.

4 That is the Italian restaurant. We often eat there.

5 Ann has a phobia of dogs. A dog bit her when she was 8.

8 Make sentences using relative pronouns and adverbs for the following: spiders, dentist, lift, plane, snake, doctor.

both ... and, either... or, neither... nor

9 Read the examples, then rewrite the sentences (1-4) using both...and, neither...nor or either...or.

Both Sam and Brian are afraid of heights. (Sam is afraid of heights. So is Brian.)

Neither Jill nor Sally likes flying. (Jill doesn't like flying. Sally doesn't either.)

Either Jane or Greg is coming with us. (Jane is coming or Greg is - one of the two.)

1 Meg used to be afraid of the dark. Amy used to be afraid of the dark.

2 Phil wants to be a doctor or he wants to be a dentist.

3 Mark isn't afraid of heights. Rob isn't afraid of heights.

4 My mum hates crowds. My grandma hates crowds.

Speaking & Writing

10 Listen to and read the text again. In three minutes write four things you remember from the text. Tell your partner.