Óïð.2 Ìîäóëü 1 Focus On RNE ÃÄÇ Starlight Áàðàíîâà 11 êëàññ
2 Ñîïîñòàâüòå òåêñòû A-G ñ çàãîëîâêàìè 1-8. Êàæäûé íîìåð ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàí òîëüêî îäèí ðàç. Åñòü îäèí ëèøíèé çàãîëîâîê.
1 Ïî÷åìó ðå÷ü ïîìîãàåò
2 Íàñêîëüêî óíèêàëüíà ÷åëîâå÷åñêàÿ ðå÷ü
3 Êîãäà íà÷àëàñü ðå÷ü
4 Êàê ìû ó÷èìñÿ ãîâîðèòü
5 Ïî÷åìó ðàçâèâàþòñÿ ðå÷åâûå ðàññòðîéñòâà
6 Êàê ñîçäàåòñÿ ðå÷ü
7 Êîãäà ìû ñìîæåì ãîâîðèòü
8 Íå òîëüêî äëÿ ëþäåé
A Îñíîâíûì îðãàíîì ðå÷è ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãîëîñîâàÿ êîðîáêà â ãîðëå, êîòîðàÿ ñîäåðæèò ãîëîñîâûå ñâÿçêè. Îíè âèáðèðóþò, êîãäà äûõàíèå ïðîõîäèò íàä íèìè, è ìîãóò áûòü îñëàáëåíû è çàòÿíóòû äëÿ ñîçäàíèÿ áîëåå íèçêîãî èëè áîëåå âûñîêîãî çâóêà. ßçûê, â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ìîðìûøêàìè, çóáàìè èëè íåáîì ðòà, âûïîëíÿåò ðàáîòó ïî âûðåçàíèþ ýòèõ ãëàñíûõ çâóêîâ äëÿ ñîçäàíèÿ ñîãëàñíûõ. Ñóùåñòâóåò ìåíüøèíñòâî çâóêîâ, êîòîðûå ãåíåðèðóþòñÿ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî âî ðòó – íàïðèìåð, ùåë÷êè â ÿçûêàõ ñàí Þæíîé Àôðèêè, – íî ýòî èñêëþ÷åíèÿ èç ïðàâèëà.
B Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå ðå÷è ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðåäìåòîì ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ äèñêóññèé, è ìàëî ÷òî ìîæíî ñäåëàòü äëÿ âûâîäà. Ýòîãî ñëåäîâàëî îæèäàòü, ïîñêîëüêó ðàçãîâîðíîìó ÿçûêó ïî÷òè íàâåðíÿêà 200 000 ëåò, à âïîëíå âîçìîæíî, è ñòàðøå. Ýêñïåðòû ñêëîííû èçó÷àòü êîñòíóþ ñòðóêòóðó ñêåëåòîâ, íàéäåííûõ â òî âðåìÿ, ÷òîáû îïðåäåëèòü, áûëà ëè ôîðìà ãîðëà òàêîé, ÷òîáû èçäàâàòü ñëîæíûå çâóêè, íåîáõîäèìûå äëÿ ðå÷è. Íà ñàìîì äåëå àíòðîïîëîãè äàæå íå óâåðåíû, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ëè ëþäè åäèíñòâåííûì âèäîì, êîãäà-ëèáî ãîâîðèâøèì. Àíàòîìèÿ íåàíäåðòàëüöåâ ïîêàçûâàåò íåêîòîðûå ñâèäåòåëüñòâà òîãî, ÷òî îíè òàêæå ìîãëè áûòü ñïîñîáíû ê ýëåìåíòàðíîé ðå÷è.
C Åñòü ýêñïåðòû, êîòîðûå óòâåðæäàþò, ÷òî ðå÷ü ãîðàçäî áîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíà, ÷åì ìû ìîãëè áû îæèäàòü, Îíè óêàçûâàþò íà ïîïóãàåâ è äðóãèõ ïòèö, ñïîñîáíûõ ïðèîáðåòàòü îãðîìíûé ñëîâàðíûé çàïàñ ïðè ñîäåðæàíèè â êà÷åñòâå äîìàøíèõ æèâîòíûõ; íà îáåçüÿí, ñîáàê ïðåðèé è äðóãèõ ìåëêèõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, ó êîòîðûõ åñòü ïðåäóïðåæäàþùèå êðèêè î õèùíèêàõ, êîòîðûå ñîäåðæàò èíôîðìàöèþ î òîì, êàêîé ýòî òèï õèùíèêà; íà øèìïàíçå è ãîðèëëû, êîòîðûõ ó÷åíûå íàó÷èëè ÿçûêó æåñòîâ. è êîòîðûé, êàçàëîñü, ïûòàëñÿ ïðîèçíîñèòü ðåàëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ òå÷åíèåì âðåìåíè.
D Ïîõîæå, ÷òî ìåæäó ÷åëîâå÷åñêîé ðå÷üþ è îáùåíèåì æèâîòíûõ äåéñòâèòåëüíî ñóùåñòâóåò ôóíäàìåíòàëüíîå ðàçëè÷èå - èëè, âîçìîæíî, äâà. Ïåðâûé - ýòî ãðàììàòèêà. ×åëîâå÷åñêàÿ ðå÷ü - ýòî íå ïðîñòî çâóêè, óêàçûâàþùèå íà âåùè; ýòî ñëîæíûé êîä, ãäå ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü ñëîâ óêàçûâàåò íà íåêîòîðóþ âçàèìîñâÿçü, äîáàâëÿåò íîâûé ñëîé ñìûñëà. Âòîðîå - ýòî òî, ÷òî íàçûâàåòñÿ "íåçàâèñèìîñòüþ îò ìîäàëüíîñòè". Ýòî îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî, åñëè ðåáåíîê ðîæäàåòñÿ áåç ñïîñîáíîñòè ãîâîðèòü ãîðëîì è ðòîì, îí áóäåò èñïîëüçîâàòü äðóãèå ñðåäñòâà äëÿ "ãîâîðåíèÿ" – íàïðèìåð, ÿçûê æåñòîâ.
E  ïðîøëîì ñóùåñòâîâàëà èäåÿ, ÷òî ðàçóì ðåáåíêà - ýòî ÷èñòûé ëèñò äëÿ çàïèñè ÿçûêà, ñ êîòîðûì îí ñîïðèêàñàåòñÿ, íî ýòà ìîäåëü óïðîùåíà è îãðàíè÷åíà. Áåñêîíå÷íàÿ ñëîæíîñòü è âîçìîæíîñòè ðå÷è íå ìîãëè áûòü èçó÷åíû ïî îäíîìó ñëîâó èëè ïðåäëîæåíèþ çà ðàç. Ñêîðåå âñåãî, ìîçã ðåáåíêà "çàïðîãðàììèðîâàí" íà èñïîëüçîâàíèå ÿçûêà. Äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè, òî÷íî òàê æå, êàê ìûøöû ðåáåíêà çàïðîãðàììèðîâàíû íà òî, ÷òîáû õîäèòü, ïîäíèìàòü ïðåäìåòû. Ìîðãàòü è òàê äàëåå, çíà÷èò, Åãî ìîçã çàïðîãðàììèðîâàí íà èçó÷åíèå ÿçûêà.
F Ðåáåíîê, êàê ïðàâèëî, ñïîñîáåí ñâîáîäíî ãîâîðèòü íà êàêîì-ëèáî ÿçûêå ê 3-4 ãîäàì.  ýòîì âîçðàñòå ðåáåíîê ó÷èòñÿ ÷åòêî ïðîèçíîñèòü ñâîå èìÿ è âîçðàñò, ïðîèçíîñèòü îò 250 äî 500 ñëîâ, îòâå÷àòü íà ïðîñòûå âîïðîñû, ãîâîðèòü ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè èç ïÿòè-øåñòè ñëîâ è ðàññêàçûâàòü èñòîðèè. Âñåãî íåñêîëüêî ëåò ñïóñòÿ àêòèâíûé ñëîâàðíûé çàïàñ èñ÷èñëÿåòñÿ òûñÿ÷àìè ñëîâ, êîòîðûå ìîãóò áûòü îáúåäèíåíû ñ ïîìîùüþ ãðàììàòèêè â Áåñêîíå÷íûå êîìáèíàöèè.
G Ìû âîñïðèíèìàåì ðå÷ü êàê íå÷òî ñàìî ñîáîé ðàçóìåþùååñÿ, íî ïðåäñòàâüòå ñåáå ìèð áåç Íåå, ëþáîå îáó÷åíèå äîëæíî áûëî áû îñóùåñòâëÿòüñÿ äåìîíñòðàöèåé, êàæäîå ïðåäóïðåæäåíèå - êðèêàìè è ïîêàçàòåëüíûìè ïàëüöàìè. Ðå÷ü ïîçâîëÿåò íàì ïåðåäàâàòü èíôîðìàöèþ ñ òå÷åíèåì âðåìåíè, îò îäíîãî ïîêîëåíèÿ ê ñëåäóþùåìó, ñîõðàíÿÿ è ïðèóìíîæàÿ äðàãîöåííûé çàïàñ çíàíèé. Ðå÷ü ïîçâîëÿåò íàì æèòü â áîëüøèõ ñîîáùåñòâàõ, îáñóæäàòü âåùè, à íå áîðîòüñÿ çà íèõ, âåñòè ïåðåãîâîðû è ïðèõîäèòü ê ãàðìîíè÷íûì ðåøåíèÿì.
Ðåøåíèå #
À 6
 3
C 8
D 2
E 4
F 7
G 1
Ïðèâåäåì âûäåðæêó èç çàäàíèÿ èç ó÷åáíèêà Áàðàíîâà, Äóëè, Êîïûëîâà 11 êëàññ, Ïðîñâåùåíèå:
2 Match texts A-G with headings 1-8. Each number can only be used once. There is one extra heading.
1 Why speech helps
2 How human speech Is unique
3 When speech began
4 How we learn to speak
5 Why speech disorders develop
6 How speech is produced
7 When we can speak
8 Not only for humans
A The main organ of speech is the voice box in the throat, which contains the vocal cords. These vibrate as the breath passes over them, and can be loosened and tightened to create a lower or higher sound. The tongue, in combination with the jigs, the teeth or the roof of the mouth, does the job of cutting these vowel-type sounds to create consonants. There are a minority of sounds that are generated solely in the mouth – for example, the clicks in the San languages of Southern Africa – but these are the exceptions to the rule.
B The origins of speech are the subject of much discussion, with little in the way of conclusion. This is to be expected, since spoken language is almost certainly 200.000 years old and quite possibly older. Experts tend to look at the bone structure of skeletons found back then to determine if the throats were shaped to produce the complex sounds that speech requires. In fact anthropologists are not even sure whether humans are the only species ever to speak. Neanderthal anatomy shows some evidence that they could also have been capable of basic speech.
C There are experts that argue speech is far more widespread than we might expect They point to parrots and other birds, capable of acquiring huge vocabularies when kept as pets; to monkeys, prairies dogs and other small mammals who have warning cries of predators that include information about what type of predator it is; to chimpanzees and gorillas that scientists taught sign language to. and who seemed to attempt actual sentences over time.
D There does seem to be a fundamental difference between human speech and animal communication -or perhaps two. The first is grammar. Human speech is not just sounds indicating things; it is a sophisticated code where the sequence of words indicates some relationship, adds a new layer of meaning. The second is what is called ‘modality independence’. This means that if a baby is born without the ability to speak with its throat and mouth, it will use another means to ‘speak’ – sign language, for example.
E There was In the past the idea that a baby’s mind was a blank slate to write the language It came Into contact with upon, but this model is simplistic and limited. The Infinite complexity and possibilities of speech could not be taught one word or sentence at a time. Rather, a baby’s brain is ‘hard-wired’ to use language. In other words. Just as a baby’s muscles are programmed to walk, pick things up. Blink and so on, so Its brain is programmed to learn language.
F A child is generally able to speak a language fluently by the age of 3-4. Between those ages, the child learns to say his or her name and age clearly, speak 250 to 500 words, answer simple questions, speak In sentences of five to six words, and tell stories. Just a few years later, the active vocabulary has moved into the thousands, able to be combined through the grammar Into Infinite combinations.
G We take speech for granted, but Imagine a world without It Any learning would have to be done by demonstration, every warning with cries and pointed fingers. Speech allows us to transmit information over time, from one generation to the next, preserving and building on a precious store of knowledge. Speech allows us to live In large communities, to discuss things rather than fight over them, to negotiate and come to harmonious solutions.
*ðàçìåùàÿ òåêñòû â êîììåíòàðèÿõ íèæå, âû àâòîìàòè÷åñêè ñîãëàøàåòåñü ñ ïîëüçîâàòåëüñêèì ñîãëàøåíèåì
